Phosphorus

Lou Grimal (UTT), Tatiana REYES CARRILLO (UTT) Projet ET-LIOS

Projet ET-LIOS

CC 4.0 BY-NC-SA + licence commerciale ET-LIOS

Objectifs

Understanding the phosphorus cycle and its impact in nature.

Introduction

SUMMARY

1. Introduction

  1. Why do we talk about phosphorus ?

  2. How was phosphorus discovered?

  3. What is phosphorus ?

  4. Where is phosphorus ?

  5. Why and how humans use phosphorus ?

2. Phosphorus cycle

  1. The cycle

3. Anthropogenic phosphorus input

  1. Why phosphorus became toxic ?

  2. Why is it important ?

  3. Current phosphorus dependency

  4. Prospective of phosphorus demand

  5. A new war on phosphorus ?

  6. How can we ensure the safety of phosphate supplies?

  7. Sustainable management of phosphorus

Introduction

Why do we talk about phosphorus ?

1 of the 9 planetary limits

1 of the 3 planetary limits exceeded

What is phosphorus ?

What is its cycle ?

In which human activities is it used ? How to return to a "normal" situation ?

During the course, think about the different interactions between humans, nature and systems involving phosphorus.

How was phosphorus discovered ?

According to you, how did humans discovered phosphorus ?

A. By looking for the Philosopher's Stone

B. By doing caving (spéléologie)

C. By observing a carp population in a lake

A - Complete answer :

By looking for the Philosopher's Stone AND analyzing urine. Yes.

Who ? Hennig Brand

When ? 1669

Why ? By looking for the Philosopher's Stone

How ? By analyzing large quantities of urine

Properties :

  • ­it is phosphorescent

  • it ignites spontaneously on contact with air

1769 : Scheele discovery

(Gervy, 1970)

(Joseph Wright, 1771)

What is phosphorus ?

According to you, where can we find phosphorus ?

A. In our DNA

B. In our Smartphones

C. In our clothes

(Compound Interest, 2014)

(Sanderson, 2018)

Where is phosphorus ?

(Cordell, 2009)

(Syers, 2011)

(Baturin, 2003)

Why and how humans use phosphorus ?

According to you, why do we use phosphorus ?

A. To create bombs

B. To create fertilizers

C. To create match scrapers (grattoirs pour allumettes)

(Cordell, 2009)

And HOW ?

Use of phosphates before their discovery :

1. Use of bones

2. Use of guano

According to you, what is guano ?

A. A plant that can be smoked

B. A typical Latin American outfit

C. A pile of excrement

Seabirds and bats dropping are full of

phosphorus !

2 reasons to use guano :

  • ­Both live in large colonies

  • ­High concentration of phosphorus

Phosphorus cycle

The cycle

According to you, what is not involved in the phosphorus cycle ?

A. Atmosphere

B. Oceans

C. Lacks

Anthropogenic phosphorus input

Why phosphorus became toxic ?

An ever increasing amount of phosphorus in ocean.

(Baturin, 2003)

(Gaujous, 1995)

Eutrophication phenomenon

(Pinay, 2018)

Social consequences :

  • Crystalization of social tensions

  • Agricultural world, local elected officials and environemental protection associations

  • DIfferent environement conceptions of public action, social responsability and scientigic knowledge

Why is it important ?

According to you, is this phenomenon reallyimportant ?

A. I guess, otherwise this course wouldn't exist

B. It is important but there are bigger issues

C. Not important, it is nothing in front of other issues

(Steffen, 2015)

Current phosphorus dependency

Rapid food demand to rapid population growth

Rectification of phosphorus deficiency of soils

Saving people from starvation

« 90% of global demand for phosphorus is for food production, currently around 148 million tonnes of phosphate rock per year (Smil, 2000a, Smil, 2000b, Gunther, 2005) »

(Cordwell, 2009)

Phosphorus peak

(White, s.d.)

Prospective of phosphorus demand

« Following more than half a century of generous application of inorganic high-grade phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, agricultural soils in Europe and North America are now said to have surpassed ‘critical’ phosphorus levels »

« Consequently, demand for phosphorus in these regions has stabilized or is decreasing. »

« However in developing and emerging economies the situation is different. Global demand for phosphorus is forecast to increase by around by 3–4% annually until 2010/11 »

=> high demand and an approaching peak...

A new war on phosphorus ?

(Wikipedia, s.d.)

How can we ensure the safety of phosphate supplies?

Phosphorus security goals might therefore include:

  1. "Increase number of people fed per tonne phosphorus input, or, reduce total phosphorus demand while maintaining food/agricultural output;

  2. Reduce dependence on phosphorus imports (to reduce vulnerability to geopolitical dynamics and thereby increasing long-term access to phosphorus);

  3. Ensure healthy soils (no phosphorus-deficiency, no phosphorus accumulation, balanced nutrition and presence of organic matter);

  4. Ensure farmers needs are met (e.g., maintaining or increasing productivity; ensuring access to phosphorus fertilisers);

  5. Reduce losses and wastage where avoidable;

  6. Reduce eutrophication and pollution by preventing phosphorus from the food system from entering waterways."

  • ­4/5 phosphorus mined for food production never actually reaches the food on our forks

  • ­Existence of a whole toolbox of phosphorus recycling and efficiency

  • ­Low tech and high tech phosphorus recovery in the sanitation sector to changing diets

Sustainable management of phosphorus

Possible solutions for the management of phosphate nutrition of tropical crops in the context of ecological intensification :

  1. Making better use of the diversity of the plant world and genetic resources

  2. Greater use of species assemblages in time and space

  3. Make more efficient use of mineral and organic inputs

  4. Assessing the potential of microbial inoculants and bio-effectors

  5. Maintain and promote the activity of the soil's macrofauna

    earthworms = ver de terre

(Hinsinger, 2015)

Bibliography

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... & Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223).

Par Joseph Wright of Derby, Domaine public,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15154197. (2011). Pierre Philosophale. Wikipedia. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_philosophale#/media/Fichier:Joseph_Wright_of_Derby _The_Alchemist.jpg

Gervy, R. (1970). Phosphates and Agriculture. Phosphates and Agriculture.

Compound Interest. (2014, 19 février). The Chemical Elements of a Smartphone.

http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/02/19/the-chemical-elements-of-a-smartphone/

R. Thomas Sanderson. (2018, 16 janvier). Nitrogen group element. Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen-group-element

Cordell, D., Drangert, J. O., & White, S. (2009). The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought. Global environmental change, 19(2), 292-305.

Syers, K., Bekunda, M., Cordell, D., Corman, J., Johnston, J., Rosemarin, A., & Salcedo, I. (2011). Phosphorus and food production. UNEP year book, 34-45.

Baturin, G. N. (2003). Phosphorus cycle in the ocean. Lithology and Mineral Resources,38(2), 101-119.

Prud'homme, F. (2013). Les chauves-souris ont-elles peur de la lumière?: 100 clés pour comprendre les chauves-souris. Éd. Quae.

Gaujous, D. (1995). La pollution des milieux aquatiques: aide-mémoire. Technique et documentation Lavoisier.

Pinay, G., Gascuel, C., Ménesguen, A., Souchon, Y., Le Moal, M., Levain, A., ... & Souchu, P. (2018). L'eutrophisation: Manifestations, causes, conséquences et prédictibilité. Editions Quae.

Collaborative Research Centre 754 (SFB 754), & IOC-UNESCO Global Oxygen Network (GO2NE). (2018). Kiel Declaration - Ocean Oxygen. Ocean Oxygen. https://www.ocean- oxygen.org/declaration

Stuart White, & Dana Cordell. (s. d.). Peak Phosphorus : the sequel to Peak Oil | Phosphorus Futures. Peak Phosphorus : the sequel to Peak Oil. Consulté 30 septembre 2020, à l’adresse http://phosphorusfutures.net/the-phosphorus-challenge/peak- phosphorus-the-sequel-to-peak-oil/

Cordell, D., & White, S. (2013). Sustainable phosphorus measures: strategies and technologies for achieving phosphorus security. Agronomy, 3(1), 86-116.

Beaudin, I. (2006). Revue de littérature La mobilité du phosphore Version finale. Pour le comité ad hoc Groupe mobilité phosphore. Centre de Référence en Agriculture et Agroalimentaire du Québec (CRAAQ).

Cordell, D.; White, S. Peak Phosphorus: Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security. Sustainability2011, 3, 2027-2049.

Liste des raccourcis clavier

Liste des fonctions de navigation et leurs raccourcis clavier correspondant :

  • Bloc Suivant : flèche droite, flèche bas, barre espace, page suivante, touche N
  • Bloc Précédent : flèche gauche, flèche haut, retour arrière, page précédente, touche P
  • Diapositive Suivante : touche T
  • Diapositive Précédente : touche S
  • Retour accueil : touche Début
  • Menu : touche M
  • Revenir à l'accueil : touche H
  • Fermer zoom : touche Échap.